Hypertext is text displayed on a computer monitor or other electronic device with links (hyperlinks). to another text that the reader can access immediately, or with links that can gradually reveal the text, on several levels. details (so-called stretch texts, extended texts ).
Hypertext is a concept invented by Ted Nelson in 1965 in the article "Processing Complex Information: a file structure for complex, Changing, and Uncertain". He defines it as: "written or graphic material interconnected in a complex way that usually cannot be represented on paper." The main modern application of hypertext is the World Wide Web, along with the related concepts of HTTP and HTML.
History
The idea of this concept is older, also appearing in Vannevar Bush's July 1945 article, "How Can We Think," published in The Atlantic Monthly. In this article, the author introduces a device called Memex, a mechanical workstation connected to the microfilm archive and capable of reproducing various books, recordings or any documents in the library, as well as automatically tracking links from page to page. However, this article also inspired Douglas Engelbart to develop and present the NLS (Online System) in 1968, the first effective use of the concept of hypertext. In addition, the NLS system includes many modern concepts, such as: a mouse (invented by Engelbart together with Bill English), a video monitor, the organization of information based on relevance, multiple windows on the screen, etc.
Console for the Hypertext Editing System (HES) at Brown University, October 1969
The first hypertext project created by Ted Nelson since 1960 was called Project Xanadu, in honor of the poem by Samuel Kubla Khan by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. This project was never completed, but it led to the emergence of many modern concepts and at one point even received financial support from Autodesk. Instead, working with Andries van Dam at Brown University in 1967, Ted Nelson defines a hypertext editing system, a project that runs on an IBM System/360-50 mainframe and includes some basic hypertext concepts. Another software application close to hypertext was HyperCard, written by Bill Atkinson, but the success of the hypertext system was determined by Tim Berners-Lee's implementation of the World Wide Web concept.
Concepts and definitions
Since Nelson's definition, the concept has evolved, and hypertext definitions have multiplied.:
An electronic document form, a way of organizing information in which data is stored in a network of nodes and links, which can be accessed using interactive navigation programs and controlled by a structural editor.
A technique for organizing textual information using a complex nonlinear method to facilitate the rapid exploration of a large amount of knowledge.
a way to build a management system and present information using links to create a network of nodes.
The basic concept of defining hypertext is a "link" (link) either in the same document or in another document. The link type allows for a non-linear organization of information. A hypertext system allows its author to create so-called "nodes", link them together, and allow the reader to move from one node to another. Thus, a node represents a concept and can contain any information: text, graphics, images, animations, sounds, etc. The link source node is called a "link" and the destination is a "link" or anchor, the connection points in the corresponding nodes are marked. Activation of the link markup leads to visualization of the nodes. The association with certain media elements has led to the extension of the concept of hypertext to the term hypermedia.
Connections are connections between nodes (or concepts) that depend on each other, which can be classified as "bidirectional" or "unidirectional". They can be associated with certain types (such as a link to a specification, a link to a development, a link to a participant, a link to an opposition, etc.), thus defining the nature of the relationship between the nodes. Links can also be referential (for cross-references) or hierarchical (illustrating parent-child relationships between nodes, for example, XML). Depending on the moment of creation, links can be either static (defined by the author at the time of writing) or dynamic (generated when hypertext is working and depends on the context). Additionally, some connections may have different behavior depending on the context. For example, when clicking on a link, you can open the source of the document (if the linked action is of the "open source" type) or you can display this document (if the linked action is "open formatted document"). Jumping into online betting is more exciting when you have a boosted balance to play with. 1xBet makes this easy with a welcome offer that requires just a few clicks. During registration, when the form asks for a promo code, use 1xbet promo code egypt to activate the deal. You'll receive a 100% match on your first deposit up to €130 for sports betting, effectively doubling your starting funds. Alternatively, you can go for the casino package: up to €1,950 and 150 free spins over your first four deposits. The fine print is simple: sports bonuses need a 5x wagering you've got 30 days to complete it.